Erythritol is a popular natural sugar alcohol sweetener known for its low calorie and diabetic-friendly properties. However, recent studies have identified potential links between elevated erythritol levels and increased cancer risk, especially liver cancer. Laboratory and animal research suggest erythritol may promote cancer cell proliferation, though conclusive evidence in humans remains limited. This article reviews erythritol's nature, health benefits, emerging cancer risks, and safety considerations to inform manufacturers and consumers.